Genetic trends in parrot Bornavirus: a clinical analysis.

Parrot Bornavirus (PaBV) has been reported to cause indigestion and other wasting symptoms such as weight loss and lethargy. The pathogenesis of PaBV has yet to be fully elucidated. This study reports PaBV infections in South Korea and suggests a trend in the genetic information gathered from clinical cases. A total of 487 birds with or without clinical symptoms were tested for bornavirus. Twelve of 361 asymptomatic birds tested positive for bornavirus, while 15 of 126 birds with various symptoms tested positive. A segment of approximately 1,540 bps including the N, X, P and M proteins were obtained from 23 of the positive strains and analyzed with other strains found on GenBank that had clinical information. PaBV was type 2 and 4 in South Korea, and certain amino acid sequences showed a difference between symptom presenting animals and asymptomatic animals in the X protein and P protein. When considering that some asymptomatic cases may have been latent infections at the time of examination, it is plausible these trends may grow stronger with time. Majority of PaBV was type 4 in South Korea. If these trends are confirmed, diagnosis of potentially pathogenic PaBVs in a clinical manner will be possible during the early stages of infection.

Effectiveness of breath acetone monitoring in reducing body fat and improving body composition: a randomized controlled study.

When attempts to lose body fat mass frequently fail, breath acetone (BA) monitoring may assist fat mass loss during a low-carbohydrate diet as it can provide real-time body fat oxidation levels. This randomized controlled study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of monitoring BA levels and providing feedback on fat oxidation during a three-week low-carbohydrate diet intervention. Forty-seven participants (mean age = 27.8 ± 4.4 years, 53.3% females, body mass index = 24.1 ± 3.4 kg m-2) were randomly assigned to three groups (1:1:1 ratio): daily BA assessment with a low-carbohydrate diet, body weight assessment (body scale (BS)) with a low-carbohydrate diet, and low-carbohydrate diet only. Primary outcome was the change in fat mass and secondary outcomes were the changes in body weight and body composition. Forty-five participants completed the study (compliance rate: 95.7%). Fat mass was significantly reduced in all three groups (allP< 0.05); however, the greatest reduction in fat mass was observed in the BA group compared to the BS (differences in changes in fat mass, -1.1 kg; 95% confidence interval: -2.3, -0.2;P= 0.040) and control (differences in changes in fat mass, -1.3 kg; 95% confidence interval: -2.1, -0.4;P= 0.013) groups. The BA group showed significantly greater reductions in body weight and visceral fat mass than the BS and control groups (allP< 0.05). In addition, the percent body fat and skeletal muscle mass were significantly reduced in both BA and BS groups (allP< 0.05). However, no significant differences were found in changes in body fat percentage and skeletal muscle mass between the study groups. Monitoring BA levels, which could have motivated participants to adhere more closely to the low-carbohydrate diet, to assess body fat oxidation rates may be an effective intervention for reducing body fat mass (compared to body weight assessment or control conditions). This approach could be beneficial for individuals seeking to manage body fat and prevent obesity.

Examining the Association Between Trauma Characteristics and Adult Depression and Anxiety: Analysis of Types, Variety, Repetition, and Timing of Past Trauma.

Past research has emphasized the impact of prior trauma on adult depression and anxiety rates. However, few studies have examined the simultaneous connection between various trauma characteristics (e.g., type, variety, repetition, timing) and symptoms of depression and anxiety in adults. Understanding how these different trauma characteristics relate to mental health issues can offer valuable insight into predicting the onset of such problems. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis with 356 adult participants to explore the associations between lifetime trauma history and depression/anxiety scores. Participants retrospectively reported on five different traumatic experiences from birth to the present, including childhood physical abuse, witnessing parental violence, lifetime experiences of rape, witnessing trauma to loved ones, and the unexpected death of loved ones. For each trauma type, participants indicated the timing of their first exposure and the frequency of subsequent occurrences. Depression and anxiety symptoms in the past 2 weeks were also self-reported. Multiple regression analyses with covariates were employed. On average, participants experienced two out of the five trauma types. Regardless of the type, having at least one traumatic experience was linked to higher depression and anxiety scores. Those who experienced all five trauma types reported the highest levels of depression and anxiety. Repeated instances of rape, witnessing trauma to loved ones, and the death of loved ones were significantly associated with elevated depression and anxiety scores. The timing of exposure to the unexpected death of loved ones predicted higher depression scores in childhood compared to adulthood, while no relationship between timing and anxiety scores was observed. Other trauma types did not show significant associations. Our study enhances knowledge of the link between trauma and depression/anxiety by elucidating how various trauma characteristics, such as type, variety, repetition, and timing of trauma, have differential influences on depression and anxiety scores.

Trauma-Informed Cultural Humility Mental Health Practice: Centering History among African American Women.

Social work has made significant strides in providing mental health services. However, advancement in mental health practices grounded in social work values, such as trauma-informed care and cultural humility mental health practice (CHMHP), is still lacking. One possible reason is that many strategies overlook clients' historical contexts, particularly the collective history held by the community to which the client belongs. By centering "history" in social work practices, clinical social workers can be more equipped to provide high-quality, client-centered services. This article advocates for adopting trauma-informed CHMHP as a critical strategy to elevate history in clinical social work practice and proposes that trauma-informed CHMHP can improve mental health service quality among clients of color who are profoundly disrupted by historical trauma. Specifically, this article proposes that using trauma-informed CHMHP to address historical trauma can enhance mental health treatment outcomes and experiences for African American women. Clinical social workers trained to address these interconnected issues can help reduce disparities in quality treatment access.

Structural and functional investigation of GajB protein in Gabija anti-phage defense.

Bacteriophages (phages) are viruses that infect bacteria and archaea. To fend off invading phages, the hosts have evolved a variety of anti-phage defense mechanisms. Gabija is one of the most abundant prokaryotic antiviral systems and consists of two proteins, GajA and GajB. GajA has been characterized experimentally as a sequence-specific DNA endonuclease. Although GajB was previously predicted to be a UvrD-like helicase, its function is unclear. Here, we report the results of structural and functional analyses of GajB. The crystal structure of GajB revealed a UvrD-like domain architecture, including two RecA-like core and two accessory subdomains. However, local structural elements that are important for the helicase function of UvrD are not conserved in GajB. In functional assays, GajB did not unwind or bind various types of DNA substrates. We demonstrated that GajB interacts with GajA to form a heterooctameric Gabija complex, but GajB did not exhibit helicase activity when bound to GajA. These results advance our understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying Gabija anti-phage defense and highlight the role of GajB as a component of a multi-subunit antiviral complex in bacteria.

The effect of a short-term ketogenic diet on exercise efficiency during graded exercise in healthy adults.

OBJECTIVE: We examined the effects of short-term KD on exercise efficiency and hormonal response during and after the graded exercise testing. METHODS: Fourteen untrained healthy adults (8 males, 6 females, age 26.4 ± 3.1 [SD] years; BMI 24.8 ± 4.6 kg/m2; peak VO2max 54.0 ± 5.8 ml/kg FFM/min) completed 3-days of a mixed diet (MD) followed by another 3-days of KD after 3-days of washout period. Upon completion of each diet arm, participants underwent graded exercise testing with low- (LIE; 40% of VO2max), moderate- (MIE; 55%), and high-intensity exercise (HIE; 70%). Exercise efficiency was calculated as work done (kcal/min)/energy expenditure (kcal/min). RESULTS: Fat oxidation during the recovery period was higher in KD vs. MD. Despite identical workload during HIE, participants after having KD vs. MD showed higher energy expenditure and lower exercise efficiency (10.1 ± 0.7 vs. 12.5 ± 0.3%, p < .01). After KD, free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations were higher during MIE and recovery vs. resting, and beta-hydroxybutylate (BOHB) was lower at HIE vs. resting. Cortisol concentrations after KD was higher during recovery vs. resting, with no significant changes during graded exercise testing after MD. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that short-term KD is favorable to fat metabolism leading increased circulating FFA and BOHB during LIE to MIE. However, it is notable that KD may cause 1) exercise inefficiency manifested by increased energy expenditure and 2) elevated exercise stress during HIE and recovery. Trial registration: KCT0005172, International Clinical Trials Registry Platform.

Associations between childhood maltreatment and physiological dysregulation in adulthood: Methodological decisions and implications.

BACKGROUND: Childhood maltreatment is linked with health problems in adulthood. Theoretical models suggest that maltreatment leads to dysregulation in several bodily systems, and this has been corroborated using measures of physiological function (i.e., biomarkers). Methodological decisions involving the measurement of maltreatment and dimension reduction with respect to biomarkers (i.e., combining information across multiple measures) may influence research findings. OBJECTIVE: The present study compares associations between childhood maltreatment and adult physiological dysregulation using multiple dimension reduction approaches and measures of maltreatment. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: Participants were recruited, as children, to a prospective study of the correlates and consequences of childhood maltreatment. 253 participants were retained and provided biomarker data at midlife. Physiological dysregulation was operationalized with a conventional allostatic load approach and a novel statistical distance approach. METHODS: Regression models were employed with allostatic load or statistical distance as the outcome and prospectively or retrospectively measured child maltreatment as the primary predictor. RESULTS: When using allostatic load as the outcome, prospectively measured childhood maltreatment was positively associated with physiological dysregulation (b = 0.70, SE = 0.31, p = 0.02). When using statistical distance as the outcome, retrospectively measured childhood maltreatment was positively associated with physiological dysregulation (b = 0.69, SE = 0.19 p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: We report a positive association between childhood maltreatment and physiological dysregulation at midlife. However, the significance and magnitude of effects varied with different maltreatment and physiological dysregulation measures. Further review of the methods used to study adult health conditions and their relation to childhood maltreatment is needed.

The moderating role of neighborhood social cohesion on the relationship between early mother-child attachment security and adolescent social skills: Brief report.

Background: Social skill is a critical asset for adolescents, and early mother-child attachment is an essential contributor to their development. While less secure mother-child attachment is a known risk factor for adolescent social development, the protective factor of neighborhood context in buffering this risk is still not well understood. Research Design: This study used longitudinal data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (n = 1,876). Adolescent social skills (at age 15) were examined as a function of early attachment security and neighborhood social cohesion (age 3). Results: Children with higher mother-child attachment security at age three had higher adolescent social skills at age 15. The findings show that there was an interaction effect such that neighborhood social cohesion buffered the relationship between mother-child attachment security and adolescent social skills. Conclusion: Our study highlights that early mother-child attachment security can be promotive for cultivating adolescent social skills. Furthermore, neighborhood social cohesion can be protective among children with lower mother-child attachment security.

An auxin-mediated ultradian rhythm positively influences root regeneration via EAR1/EUR1 in Arabidopsis.

Ultradian rhythms have been proved to be critical for diverse biological processes. However, comprehensive understanding of the short-period rhythms remains limited. Here, we discover that leaf excision triggers a gene expression rhythm with ~3-h periodicity, named as the excision ultradian rhythm (UR), which is regulated by the plant hormone auxin. Promoter-luciferase analyses showed that the spatiotemporal patterns of the excision UR were positively associated with de novo root regeneration (DNRR), a post-embryonic developmental process. Transcriptomic analysis indicated more than 4,000 genes including DNRR-associated genes were reprogramed toward ultradian oscillation. Genetic studies showed that EXCISION ULTRADIAN RHYTHM 1 (EUR1) encoding ENHANCER OF ABSCISIC ACID CO-RECEPTOR1 (EAR1), an abscisic acid signaling regulator, was required to generate the excision ultradian rhythm and enhance root regeneration. The eur1 mutant exhibited the absence of auxin-induced excision UR generation and partial failure during rescuing root regeneration. Our results demonstrate a link between the excision UR and adventitious root formation via EAR1/EUR1, implying an additional regulatory layer in plant regeneration.

The association of mindfulness and depression stigma among African American women participants in a mindfulness-based intervention: A pilot study.

Depression stigma is a potential barrier to engagement in and efficacy of depression treatment. This pilot study examined the association of mindfulness with depression stigma among participants in an eight-week mindfulness-based intervention for depressive symptoms. Thirty-one African American women with depressive symptoms were recruited from an urban Federally Qualified Health Center (FQHC) to participate in a mindfulness intervention (M-Body). Mindfulness, depressive symptoms, and depression stigma were assessed at baseline, eight weeks, and 16 weeks. Focus groups were conducted to examine participants' subjective experiences with the mindfulness intervention. Mindfulness significantly increased from baseline to eight weeks. There was a non-significant decrease in depression from baseline to eight weeks and a significant decrease in depression from baseline to 16 weeks. Depression stigma significantly increased from baseline to eight weeks and significantly decreased from eight to 16 weeks; however, depression stigma did not return to the baseline. An exploratory qualitative analysis of focus group data revealed themes related to direct and indirect factors that may perpetuate and maintain depression stigma. This is one of the first studies to explicitly explore the relationship between mindfulness, depression symptoms, and depression stigma among African American women.

Structural basis of DNA binding by the NAC transcription factor ORE1, a master regulator of plant senescence.

Plants use sophisticated mechanisms of gene expression to control senescence in response to environmental stress or aging. ORE1 (Arabidopsis thaliana NAC092) is a master regulator of senescence that belongs to the plant-specific NAC transcription factor protein family. ORE1 has been reported to bind to multiple DNA targets to orchestrate leaf senescence, yet the mechanistic basis for recognition of the cognate gene sequence remains unclear. Here, we report the crystal structure of the ORE1-NAC domain alone and its DNA-binding form. The structure of DNA-bound ORE1-NAC revealed the molecular basis for nucleobase recognition and phosphate backbone interactions. We show that local versatility in the DNA-binding site, in combination with domain flexibility of the ORE-NAC homodimer, is crucial for the maintenance of binding to intrinsically flexible DNA. Our results provide a platform for understanding other plant-specific NAC protein-DNA interactions as well as insight into the structural basis of NAC regulators in plants of agronomic and scientific importance.

Targeted A-to-G base editing of chloroplast DNA in plants.

Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) encodes up to 315 (typically, 120-130) genes1, including those for essential components in photosystems I and II and the large subunit of RuBisCo, which catalyses CO2 fixation in plants. Targeted mutagenesis in cpDNA will be broadly useful for studying the functions of these genes in molecular detail and for developing crops and other plants with desired traits. Unfortunately, CRISPR-Cas9 and CRISPR-derived base editors, which enable targeted genetic modifications in nuclear DNA, are not suitable for organellar DNA editing2, owing to the difficulty of delivering guide RNA into organelles. CRISPR-free, protein-only base editors (including DddA-derived cytosine base editors3-8 and zinc finger deaminases9), originally developed for mitochondrial DNA editing in mammalian cells, can be used for C-to-T, rather than A-to-G, editing in cpDNA10-12. Here we show that heritable homoplasmic A-to-G edits can be induced in cpDNA, leading to phenotypic changes, using transcription activator-like effector-linked deaminases13.

Mediating effect of pubertal stages on the family environment and neurodevelopment: An open-data replication and multiverse analysis of an ABCD Study®.

Increasing evidence demonstrates that environmental factors meaningfully impact the development of the brain (Hyde et al., 2020; McEwen and Akil, 2020). Recent work from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study® suggests that puberty may indirectly account for some association between the family environment and brain structure and function (Thijssen et al., 2020). However, a limited number of large studies have evaluated what, how, and why environmental factors impact neurodevelopment. When these topics are investigated, there is typically inconsistent operationalization of variables between studies which may be measuring different aspects of the environment and thus different associations in the analytic models. Multiverse analyses (Steegen et al., 2016) are an efficacious technique for investigating the effect of different operationalizations of the same construct on underlying interpretations. While one of the assets of Thijssen et al. (2020) was its large sample from the ABCD data, the authors used an early release that contained 38% of the full ABCD sample. Then, the analyses used several 'researcher degrees of freedom' (Gelman and Loken, 2014) to operationalize key independent, mediating and dependent variables, including but not limited to, the use of a latent factor of preadolescents' environment comprised of different subfactors, such as parental monitoring and child-reported family conflict. While latent factors can improve reliability of constructs, the nuances of each subfactor and measure that comprise the environment may be lost, making the latent factors difficult to interpret in the context of individual differences. This study extends the work of Thijssen et al. (2020) by evaluating the extent to which the analytic choices in their study affected their conclusions. In Aim 1, using the same variables and models, we replicate findings from the original study using the full sample in Release 3.0. Then, in Aim 2, using a multiverse analysis we extend findings by considering nine alternative operationalizations of family environment, three of puberty, and five of brain measures (total of 135 models) to evaluate the impact on conclusions from Aim 1. In these results, 90% of the directions of effects and 60% of the p-values (e.g. p > .05 and p < .05) across effects were comparable between the two studies. However, raters agreed that only 60% of the effects had replicated. Across the multiverse analyses, there was a degree of variability in beta estimates across the environmental variables, and lack of consensus between parent reported and child reported pubertal development for the indirect effects. This study demonstrates the challenge in defining which effects replicate, the nuance across environmental variables in the ABCD data, and the lack of consensus across parent and child reported puberty scales in youth.

Association of Absolute and Relative Handgrip Strength with Prevalent Metabolic Syndrome in Adults: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2014-2018.

Maintaining or improving muscular strength may be a key preventive strategy for metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, whether the association of handgrip strength (HGS), as a well-established marker of whole-body muscular strength, with the prevalent metabolic syndrome (MetS) varies with age stratification remains unclear. Additionally, whether absolute of relative HGS is superior to another in predicting MetS is less clear. We examined the association of both relative and absolute HGS with the prevalence of MetS in different age groups. Korean adults aged ≥19 years (n = 28,146; 55.7% female) from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2014-2018) were examined. HGS was categorized using tertile split (highest, intermediate, lowest) and participants were stratified into different age groups at 10-year intervals. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine the association between absolute/relative HGS tertiles and MetS with adjustment for covariates. Lower odds of MetS were observed across lower absolute HGS tertiles and the associations were significant in young participants (19-29 years) in both sexes (odds ratio (OR): 0.59 (95% CI: 0.38-0.92) for intermediate and OR: 0.55 (95% CI: 0.34-0.89) for lowest in males; OR: 0.36 (95% CI: 0.20-0.65) for intermediate and OR: 0.42 (95% CI: 0.24-0.74) for lowest in females; all p < 0.05). By contrast, higher odds of MetS were observed across lower relative HGS in all age groups in both sexes (in total participants, OR: 2.32 (95% CI: 2.06-2.62) for intermediate and OR: 3.69 (95% CI: 3.27-4.16) for lowest in males and OR: 2.04 (95% CI: 1.83-2.28) for intermediate and OR: 3.28 (95% CI: 2.94-3.65) for lowest in females all p < 0.05). The associations of both absolute and relative HGS with MetS attenuated with an increase in age. Our findings suggest that poor relative HGS, as a marker of muscular strength, and not absolute HGS, may be associated with a higher risk of MetS in adults. Our findings also suggest that relative HGS may overestimate MetS in young adults.

The structure of AcrIE4-F7 reveals a common strategy for dual CRISPR inhibition by targeting PAM recognition sites.

Bacteria and archaea use the CRISPR-Cas system to fend off invasions of bacteriophages and foreign plasmids. In response, bacteriophages encode anti-CRISPR (Acr) proteins that potently inhibit host Cas proteins to suppress CRISPR-mediated immunity. AcrIE4-F7, which was isolated from Pseudomonas citronellolis, is a fused form of AcrIE4 and AcrIF7 that inhibits both type I-E and type I-F CRISPR-Cas systems. Here, we determined the structure of AcrIE4-F7 and identified its Cas target proteins. The N-terminal AcrIE4 domain adopts a novel α-helical fold that targets the PAM interaction site of the type I-E Cas8e subunit. The C-terminal AcrIF7 domain exhibits an αß fold like native AcrIF7, which disables target DNA recognition by the PAM interaction site in the type I-F Cas8f subunit. The two Acr domains are connected by a flexible linker that allows prompt docking onto their cognate Cas8 targets. Conserved negative charges in each Acr domain are required for interaction with their Cas8 targets. Our results illustrate a common mechanism by which AcrIE4-F7 inhibits divergent CRISPR-Cas types.

The Relative Influence of Family and Neighborhood Factors on Child Maltreatment at Critical Stages of Child Development.

This study examines the impact of family and neighborhood factors on physical and psychological abuse across three developmental stages of children: early childhood (age 3), young school age (age 5), and middle childhood (age 9). Data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, a longitudinal national cohort study of children from 20 urban U.S. cities, are used. Path analysis is employed to investigate the longitudinal relationships between family and neighborhood context variables and abuse risk, as well as the importance of different factors at key developmental stages. Economic hardship, maternal substance use, intimate partner violence, and exposure to community violence are found to be related to child abuse risk regardless of developmental stage, while maternal depression and neighborhood informal social control are found to have impacts only within certain child development stages. Findings suggest the need for early intervention and prevention strategies that specifically target economic hardship, poverty, intimate partner violence, and exposure to community violence.

Social Cohesion and Informal Social Control as Mediators Between Neighborhood Poverty and Child Maltreatment.

Neighborhoods have profound impacts on children and families. Using structural equation modeling and data from 4,898 children in the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, the current study examines the direct and indirect effects of neighborhood poverty on the likelihood of being maltreated at age 5. Two neighborhood social processes, social cohesion and informal social control, were examined as mediators. The study found that neighborhood poverty was indirectly related to physical assault and psychological aggression through its impact on social cohesion, and indirectly related to neglect through its impact on informal social control. The results highlight the need to reduce poverty across communities and increase social cohesion and social control as potential pathways for interrupting the impact of neighborhood poverty on maltreatment.

A Prospective Study on Child Abuse and Elder Mistreatment: Assessing Direct Effects and Associations With Depression and Substance Use Problems During Adolescence and Middle Adulthood.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: We examined the prospective association between 2 measures of child abuse, one based on official child welfare records and the other based on parent self-reports, and the perpetration of elder mistreatment by an adult child. We also examined measures of adolescent and adult depression and substance use problems as predictors of elder mistreatment. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Data are from a prospective study that began in the 1970s with a sample of children aged 18 months to 6 years of age. Analyses draw on data collected when child participants were in preschool and elementary school, when they were adolescents, and as adults at midlife (at ages 36 and 46, on average). Results are from bivariate correlations and multivariable path models in which variables from different life stages were entered in steps to assess their prediction of elder mistreatment. RESULTS: All variables were significantly correlated with elder mistreatment. In a final path model, parent self-reports of physical child abuse remained a significant, unique predictor of elder mistreatment. Adolescent and adult substance use problems were also statistically significant. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS: Few longitudinal studies have tracked patterns of abuse over time and relationships. Findings suggest that child abuse is a risk factor for the perpetration of elder mistreatment by an adult child. Substance use problems may also increase the risk for the perpetration of elder mistreatment. Further longitudinal research is needed to replicate and extend these findings in order to advance prevention and intervention programs and policies.

Associations between prospective and retrospective measures of child abuse and self-reported adult health at midlife.

BACKGROUND: The long-term health effects of physical child abuse are well documented in self-report, retrospective studies. However, there have been few longitudinal, multimethod studies on physiological responses to stress and the onset of chronic disease, thereby slowing the advancement of prevention and intervention programs. OBJECTIVES: This study used survey data from an extended longitudinal study to examine prospective and retrospective associations between measures of physical child abuse and adult health in the 40s. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: Data are from an ongoing longitudinal study of the correlates and consequences of child maltreatment that began in the 1970s with a sample of 457 children. METHODS: Bivariate correlations and multiple regression models with covariates were used to assess associations between measures of physical child abuse and outcomes of self-reported health in adulthood. RESULTS: Physical child abuse, measured retrospectively, was moderately related to reports of overall health, as well as a number of adult health problems and conditions, such as back and chest pain, hypertension, and certain forms of cancer. Associations were also observed for lifetime alcohol problems and past-year doctor and emergency room visits. Fewer associations between prospective parent self-report measures of physical child abuse and adult health were identified, although child welfare (official record) reports performed similarly to retrospective measures. CONCLUSIONS: This study adds important information on the long-term health effects of child physical abuse, as well as measurement differences in the prediction of adult health outcomes. Conclusions drawn from prospective and retrospective studies of abuse are at best inconsistent, and possibly incompatible.

Association between domain-specific physical activity and diabetes in Korean adults.

This study aimed to investigate the association between domain-specific physical activity (PA) and diabetes in Korean adults. We analyzed 26,653 men and women (aged > 18 years) from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2014-2018). PA was measured using a validated Global PA Questionnaire. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) after adjustment for various confounders. Transport PA accounted for the majority of total PA (46%, men; 58%, women), followed by leisure-time PA (30%; 22%) and work PA (24%; 20%). In men, ORs (95% CI) of diabetes comparing ≥ 600 metabolic task of equivalent (MET)-min/week vs. no activity were 0.82 (0.71-0.95) for leisure-time PA, 0.85 (0.75-0.96) for transport PA, and 0.88 (0.78-0.99) for leisure-time + transport PA. In women, ORs (95% CI) of diabetes comparing the same groups were 0.73 (0.60-0.89) for leisure-time PA, 0.97 (0.85-1.10) for transport PA, and 0.88 (0.78-1.00) for leisure-time + transport PA. However, work PA showed no association with diabetes. In conclusion, leisure-time PA was inversely associated with diabetes in both men and women, while transport PA was inversely associated only in men. But work PA was not associated with diabetes in Korean adults.